michelle robinson sid vicious

A couple of bands didn't even want to gig. 22 Jeep desde $ 78,000 MXN. Garage Punk. Psychobilly. We certainly did.". Lydon called the series "The most disrespectful shit I've ever had to endure"[89] and unsuccessfully sued to block the use of the Sex Pistols' music in the series.[90]. [45] Later, the arresting officer, Sgt Thomas Kilroy of the Third Homicide Unit, was quoted as having said: "After an investigation, Vicious admitted killing Miss Spungen during a dispute."[2]. 22 Jeep desde $ 78,000 MXN. Warner Bros., which organised and staffed the tour, insisted that Vicious clean up his heroin habit so he was using methadone. A few months after the incident, Sid Vicious died from a heroin overdose. Photograph: Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Photograph: Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images/Hulton Archive. Web1957. They were a part of the scene. He was clever. Selecciona la versin de tu preferencia. At around 2:30 a.m. on Oct. 12, 1978, Nancy was awake, pleading with a fellow addict pal to hook her up with some opioid painkillers. Sidattempted a solo career, with Nancycalling herself his manager and complementing his violent, drug-addled behavior with her own. This is my final commitment to my love. 2023 E! SOLUTIONS. But he wasn't being "vindictive," he assured. She has never been married. Per Tippins, artist Bernard Childs, who was staying in the room across the hall, heard a faint cry in the night, but didn't think much of it. These were the Sex Pistols' last performances in Britain, until the original members reunited for the Filthy Lucre tour in 1996. Estilo Punk Rock. ", And their former Chelsea Hotel neighborVictorColicchio told New York, "I don't think he would've killed her unless she told him to. Musician Howie Pyro, who was out with Sid hours before Nancy died, mused to the magazine that it was possible Nancy stabbed herself for attention, thinking Sid would come to her rescue, but he was too out of itto help her. "[2][49], Vicious had started seeing women again and was casually involved with rocker Judy Nylon, Dee Dee Ramone's ex-girlfriend Connie Gripp, an aspiring actress named Michele Robison and Rotten's ex-girlfriend, Danielle Boothe. According to police, Sid tearfully said at the time, "I killed her," but he was also heard muttering, "She must have fallen on the knife." His mother Anne Entertainment Television, LLC A Division of NBCUniversal. There was no denying that they struck a chord with punk music fans. Es una mejora drstica en comparacin con la ltima Jeep JK que probamos, una Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon 2016 equipada con capota suave y transmisin automtica de cinco velocidades. post-title The next morning he was found dead of a drug overdose. All legal costs were paid by The Sex Pistols' label, Virgin Records. Your source for entertainment news, celebrities, celeb news, and celebrity gossip. Release Although he had been clean for nearly two months, Vicious took a They interviewed several high-profile lawyers, including Melvin Belli, Gerald B. Lefcourt and William Kunstler before settling on F. Lee Bailey. Toward the end of the film, it's as if Gary and I were alone together on a filthy mattress that was like a tiny life raft. I just think Sid had this thing about her and was dragged in by a nasty piece of work who sealed his fate. But Sid was "eventually OK" when he left. Every Halloween, you can bet at least one celebrity couple is going to dress up like Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen. Scopri le offerte dedicate a Jeep Wrangler e acquista la tua nuova Wrangler in promozione ad un prezzo conveniente. [17], Vicious played his first gig with the Sex Pistols on 3 April 1977 at The Screen On The Green;[18] his debut was filmed by Don Letts and appears in Punk Rock Movie. Lgbtqqicapf2k+ Friends And Family, New Wave. Punk rocker Sid Vicious became famous as bassist for the Sex Pistols before his entanglement with drugs, which ended his career and life. I don't know where that came from because he wasn't actually a physically aggressive guy.". Still, we intended for the audiences to sympathize with them. Jeep Wrangler te protege a ti y a tus acompaantes con elementos de seguridad activa y pasiva que incluyen, 4 airbags, Control de estabilidad electrnico, Sistema de Frenos Antibloqueo con deteccin de terreno resbaloso, Asistente de Arranque y Descenso en Pendientes, Asistente de frenado, Mitigacin Electrnica de Vuelco y Sistema TPM (Monitoreo Presin de Llantas). In 2017, Foster the People released "Loyal Like Sid & Nancy", which references Vicious and Spungen's relationship, as the second single from their album Sacred Hearts Club. There was rising tension within the band. In fact, it was just revisited, along with the origin story of the Sex Pistols, in the Hulu series Pistol, co-starring Louis Partridge and Emma Appleton as the doomed duo. [4] A favourite spot was Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's clothing store, SEX. Abierto al pblico - Membresia GRATIS - Registrese y apuesta hoy! El precio anunciado corresponde al Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport, modelo 2020. A blood-stained hunting knife wasfound among the couple's drugs and paraphernalia. No more," said Parker. But he could not play well and had no bass experience, so guitarist Steve Jones played bass on the band's debut album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols. At this time, Rotten tried to contact Vicious, but his calls were barred by Beverley and McLaren. (Anne died of a suspected drug overdose in 1996.). Rotten was barely speaking to anyone. Non vogliamo annoiarti descrivendoti i vantaggi delle gomme 4 stagioni (se sei arrivato fin qui significa che li conosci gi). But Vicious came to the attention of members of The Damned. The 20-year-old had been stabbed in the stomachand was dead at the scene. So I will die soon, even if I don't kill myself. [84] In 2017, singer-songwriter Phoebe Bridgers recorded a track titled "Chelsea", included on her debut album Stranger in the Alps. Outside a court room, Michelle Robinson waits outside during Sid Vicious' bail hearing on the Nancy Spungen murder charge, New Please bury me next to my baby. The murder weapon was identified as a Jaguar K-11 hunting knife, which Nancy had purchased for Sid a few days earlier. Occupation: Other - Other. Their relationship was full of ups and downs, leading to the yes 2016 jeep compass latitude 4x4 4cilindros automatico recien llegada. WebSid Vicious' Girlfriend At Criminal Court. They would play Alice Cooper covers, and people gave them money to stop. In Parker's film Vicious's friend Steve Dior produces a drawing from memory. ", According to the book, Sid wrote: "Oh Debbie, I love her with such passion. Nancy said, 'Push her down the stairs.' "The next day I got woken up by a flatmate telling me that my friend's face was all over the newspaper," Peter had said in the 2009 documentary Sid: By Those Who Really Knew Him. WebMichelle Robinson leaves her apartment in New York, Feb. 2, 1979 after the body of punk rock star musician Sid Vicious was found in her apartment. I saw both men and women pushing past her, not acknowledging her, talking to Sid. He had just been released on bail and wanted drugs. It wasn't a scene that anyone wanted to be a part of. According to Rotten's wife Nora Forster, Vicious often hit Nancy and, in her last conversation with her mother, Spungen admitted that beatings which she had previously said were at the hands of strangers actually came from Vicious. 71 Jeep Wrangler a partire da 491 . "[61][62] According to Deborah Spungen, Vicious wrote a letter to her when he was last hospitalised, saying approximately the same thing. He first claimed to have killed her, then said he remembered nothing. Gary Oldman told theLA Times, "Alex had originally written the final scene as a suicide pact, but after all the research I did, I was convinced it wasn't a suicide pact and that Sid didn't murder her." In 1965, Anne married Christopher Beverley, who died six months later of kidney failure. COTIZA AQU TU JEEP WRANGLER UN ICONO NO CAMBIA, EVOLUCIONA JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED SAHARA. The critically-acclaimed 1986 film Sid and Nancy, directed by Alex Cox, portrays Sid's life from his joining the Sex Pistols to the end of his life. Sid Vicious jammed a broken bottle into the face of BBC recording engineer George Nicholson. He was a knight in rusty armor. WebSid Vicious, born John Simon Ritchie, later named John Beverley (10 May 1957 Michelle Robinson. Ex Pistols secret history - the dave goodman story", "Breaking the Rules: The Fashion Rebel Look", "Whatever Happened to Pink Floyd? Entre y conozca nuestras increbles ofertas y promociones. As a teenager, he floundered, dropping out of school. His naked body was found at 5.30 yesterday afternoon in the Greenwich Village The manager Stanley Bard, son of hotel co-owner owner David Bard, moved the couple to Room 100 on the first floor, the "junkies' floor," to keep a closer eye on them, but he recalled not being all that worried. JEEP Wrangler Unlimited 2.8 CRD DPF Rubicon Auto [rif. Anne and John lived briefly in Bristol and Clevedon, Somerset. Anne Beverley, who was in court with Robison, was happy with the outcome, telling reporters "Now the public will know he is a good boy. A high school dropout, he found himself involved in Londons underground music scene at a Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. According to numerous accounts, Anne had been a heroin addict before Sid ever started using, and on that night, Sid had asked Peter for drugs because the stuff his mother had already procured was "s--t heroin," the Death of Photographyauthortold Louder Than War in 2019. She and Vicious became inseparable, which caused problems with the band, whose members did not like her; McLaren admitted to planning to have her abducted and forced onto a plane back to the United States.

Trova le migliori offerte di Auto usate per la tua ricerca bollo jeep wrangler. Trova le migliori offerte di Auto usate per la tua ricerca bollo jeep wrangler. Sid and Nancy's world got smaller and smaller, they saw other people less and less and grew increasingly obsessed with each other. "Me and Sid had a hit and it was f--king strong stuff," he recalled. "[51], On the morning of 1 February 1979, after completing his detoxification programme, Vicious was released from Rikers Island. He also told the Village Voice that he knew who the murderer was, although he refused to name the person. Auricolare Bluetooth Non Squilla, [2] They shared an infatuation with knives. WebSid Vicious' Girlfriend At Criminal Court. His twisted love affair with Spungen was the inspiration for the 1986 film Sid and Nancy, starring actor Gary Oldman as Vicious. Of course, we can't market it as an anti-drug film because to put bums in seats, a movie's got to have icing. Which is that there wasn't really anything glamorous about Sid and Nancy, even though their style soon becamean immediately identifiable snapshot of a certain sex-drugs-and-rock-n-roll lifestyle. Oldman lost 30 pounds for the role and met with Sid's mother, who gifted him her son'spadlock on a chain and a leather spike bracelet that the actor wore in the film. Encuentra la mayor variedad de autos nuevos y usados en un solo sitio! Vicious may have facilitated Spungen's occasional prostitution (and watched). [29] In the 2013 documentary Never Mind the Baubles: Xmas '77 with the Sex Pistols, Lydon claimed that Vicious had to be warned not to be the "hardcore, tough rocker bloke" in front of the children. ", And as far as capturing the vibe of the fringescene the couple operated in,"People should remember that the film doesn't profess to be a history of punk," Webb told the paper. Our children were very special children. A lot of it hinged on Sid. It's been said it was 98% which is too pure for the human body in any state.". Their deaths mean that most people are now familiar with the words Sid and Nancy.

[18], In January 1978, the Sex Pistols embarked on a two-week US tour. Police found fingerprints in the hotel room of six people who were known to them, but none were interviewed. All four, who became known locally as 'The Four Johns', quit school and began squatting in various dismal locations. Con un diseo inspirado en los vehculos militares de 1940 pero llevado a la modernidad, Wrangler Unlimited entrega un gran valor de reventa y menores costos de propiedad. Jeep Wrangler Unlimited eTorque 2021: Equipamiento Panel de instrumentos con una pantalla de 7 pulgadas LED (TFT, por sus siglas en ingls). Spungen was found dead on the bathroom floor in their room at the Chelsea Hotel. The following day, Vicious went to The Damned's performance. They had been dating for 4 months. Every day is agony without her. "till death do us part," read Kourtney's caption, the Poosh founder sporting a platinum-blond wig and mesh top, Travis doing the Vicious squint, a cigarette danglingfrom his mouth. And then, Deborah continued, Anne asked her if she could have Sid buried next to Nancy. (And Maisie Williams, who bonded with Kravis at the 2022 Met Gala over the connection, as punk fashion icon Jordan Mooney.). She had been stabbed with a knife she had given Vicious as a present. It has been reported that Rotten encouraged Vicious to break off his relationship to Spungen. [20], In a Rolling Stone article Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong said of Vicious: "[He] was everything that's cool about punk rock: a skinny rocker who had a ton of attitude, sort of an Elvis, James Dean kind of guy". Peter Gravelle told Louder Than War, "Nancy basically f--ked up his life around this point. By the time the plane landed at JFK Airport, he had slipped into a diazepam-, methadone- and alcohol-induced coma and was rushed to a hospital in Queens where, as he told the photographer Roberta Bayley, the doctor told him that if he did not quit drinking, he would be dead in six months. Update Celebrity Profile. You just try to get a clear idea of the character and remain true to that spirit. The couple then travelled to London where, by August, they needed to return to the US but had no money. Quindi, ecco di seguito le misure delle gomme all season per la tua Jeep Wrangler Unlimited. Because the realSid and Nancy may have been madly in love, or whatever, but they were also heroin addicts. Lgbtqqicapf2k+ Friends And Family, If the last year of their life had not been so squalid it could be Romeo and Juliet with syringes. Then Sid finally perked up and threw in, "Not as much of an a--hole as you are, youf--king cow!". It was almost as if the war was over and we'd lost.". Se vuoi acquistare su internet dei pneumatici quattro stagioni per la tua Jeep Wrangler Unlimited sei nel posto giusto. Ricambi Parabrezza per JEEP WRANGLER III (JK) (2007-Oggi) su Autozona, leader italiano nella vendita online di accessori, pezzi originali e non, con sconti fino al 70% e consegna in 48h. Alan Parker (foreword by Malcolm McLaren), This page was last edited on 2 April 2023, at 01:39. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! I think a lot of her nastiness and temper tantrums were rooted in that.
", And, she pressed, "I also hope it's clear that I found nothing cool about Sid and Nancy. He also missed most of the band's rehearsals and recording sessions because he was in hospital with hepatitis, likely caused by intravenous drug use. Nancy Spungen was the completeTitanic looking for the iceberg, and she wanted a full load. By Those Who Really Knew Him", "Sid Vicious The Chaos And Disorder Tapes", "The Vicious White Kids Featuring Sid Vicious The Sid Vicious Experience; Jack Boots & Dirty Looks", "Sex Pistols - Live In Stockholm, Sweden July 28th, 1977", "Sex Pistols - Kill The Hippies (Atlanta 1978)", "The Sex Pistols - Full Concert - 01/14/78 - Winterland", "Rage: 20 Years of Punk Rock West Coast Style", "Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols", "John Lydon: The Best of British 1 Notes", "SEX PISTOLS Music Box Biographical Collection", "Dave Goodman Chaos! Two people who had been at the party stated that Nancy was alive at 5:00a.m. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}8 Facts About Son of a Sinner Singer Jelly Roll, Selena Gomez Shares"Transformative" Lip Tint, 16 Musicians and Singers Named Knights or Dames, How Rina Sawayama Landed in John Wick: Chapter 4, Dolly Partons New Book: Inside Her Iconic Style, Niall Horan's Under-$30 Eye Care Must-Haves, Taylor Swift Has (Kind Of) Reunited The Civil Wars, 7 Musicians Who Are Connected to Bobby Caldwell, 10 Things You Might Not Know About Morgan Wallen, Here's How to Get Rihanna's Oscars Makeup Look, Rock Icon KISS Is Saying Goodbye (For Real), Rihanna and 10 Other Great Pregnant Performances. He said that he just wanted to have fun. [11] Vicious contended that Vanian and his associates had intentionally withheld information about the audition to ensure that Vicious missed the audition.

Vicious asked Gravelle to find him some heroin. [34][35] It was long rumoured that at their 14 January show at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, Vicious did not bother to plug in his bass at all, although video from the show makes it clear when Jones' guitar cuts out during "Bodies" that Sid was both playing bass and the right notes. "If I was to remake it," Cox said, "I would end it with Sid dying in a pool of his own vomit. Non vogliamo annoiarti descrivendoti i vantaggi delle gomme 4 stagioni (se sei arrivato fin qui significa che li conosci gi). Vicious, high on speed, lashed Kent's head with a rusted motorcycle chain which, according to Hynde, he carried with him. McLaren had created the Sex Pistols in 1975. And the ballad of Sid and Nancy plays on. May 1977 photo of two punks on the Kings Road, as shot by Steve Johnston. Grunge. [5] According to Lydon, he and Vicious took up busking, with Lydon singing and occasionally playing the violin and Vicious playing a tambourine or an acoustic guitar. D'altra parte stiamo parlando di 4,88 metri di lunghezza contro 4,33. Vicious never went to court for Spungen's murder because on February 2, 1979, Vicious was found dead in his new girlfriend Michelle Robinson's apartment, due to what was later determined to be a heroin overdose. A bar fight ensued. [83] In 2017, Industrial Metal band Powerman 5000 released a single called "Sid Vicious in a Dress," which is about a female punk rocker who exhibits similar chaos and violent nature of the former Sex Pistols bassist. [63] According to journalist, Alan G. Parker, before her death of a drug overdose in 1996, Beverley confessed to him that she intentionally injected her son with a fatal overdose of heroin, which Parker believes she did so that Vicious did not have to face the possibility of a lengthy prison sentence. A dirty dog.". By 1973, Anne's life was consumed by her addiction to heroin and opiates, to the point where she was unaware that her son was attending Westminster Kingsway College, then known as Kingsway College of Further Education and as a community and vocational school for students with difficulties. [65] She would soon change her name. What was shunned was now persecuted. Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins play Sid and Nancy, respectively. In 1976, Vicious co-founded, as vocalist and saxophone player,[6] the Flowers of Romance along with the Clash co-founder Keith Levene and Viv Albertine, who would go on to become the guitarist of The Slits. The first of many posthumous albums appeared in 1980; Sid Vicious, released by EMI sub-label Innocent Records, has as its jacket image the photo of Vicious' body being removed from 63 Bank St.[66], In his 2007 book Pretty Vacant: A History of Punk, director Phil Strongman stated his conviction that it was actor Michael Morra who killed Nancy Spungen, noting that it was Morra who brought the Tuinol to the party, and that Morra knew about the large amounts of cash kept in the bedside table drawer. ", In September 1979, Nancy appeared on a local New York talk show with Sid, and while eloquently extolling the ongoing popularity of punk in the United Kingdom in response to the opinion that the genre was dying, she ended up in what today sounds like your average Twitter exchange come to life. But after two years of hard living in New York, she took off for London, where she met Sid and was glued to his side by the time the Sex Pistols embarked on their first and only U.S. tourin January 1978. Jeep wrangler 2018 36 v6 unlimited sport jk 4x4 at carshop seminue auto dotata di gancio traino, tenuta benissimo! [1], In 1973, Beverley met fellow Kingsway student John Lydon, who introduced him to his friends John Grey and John Wardle.

He was brought in by the band's manager, Malcolm McLaren, to replace original bassist Glen Matlock in 1977, even though he didn't even know how to play the instrument. His mom, Anne Beverley, found him dead in bed the next morning. Jeep Wrangler te protege a ti y a tus acompaantes con elementos de seguridad activa y pasiva que incluyen, 4 airbags, Control de estabilidad electrnico, Sistema de Frenos Antibloqueo con deteccin de terreno resbaloso, Asistente de Arranque y Descenso en Pendientes, Asistente de frenado, Mitigacin Electrnica de Vuelco y Sistema TPM (Monitoreo Presin de Llantas). 13491474] allestimento rubicon preparata con tutte le modifiche omologate a libretto, appena tagliadnata! Iphone Ora Legale 2021, [2] With the help of the British Embassy in Spain, Anne returned to England and settled in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, where she enrolled her son known as John in Sandown Court School (now The Skinners' Kent Academy). ("She looked like Nancy Spungen,"Kurt Cobainshared, describing his first impressions of future bride CourtneytoCome As You AreThe Story of Nirvanaauthor Michael Azerrad. She was aware of phonies and fakes and users. It remained a best-seller for nearly a year, spending 48 weeks in the top 75. Gravelle said they were even having a laugh at the songs Vicious's manager, Malcolm McLaren, wanted him to do for an album - including I Fought the Law and the Law Won, and, improbably, YMCA. John Simon Ritchie was born on 10 May 1957 in Lewisham to John and Anne Ritchie nee McDonald (19331996). - Page 6 Pise el acelerador a fondo y el Wrangler Sahara 2018 acelerar de 0 a 60 mph en 6.9 segundos, recorriendo el cuarto de milla en 15.3 segundos a 89.9 mph. Others also tell stories of his moments of madness - glassing the brother of the singer Patti Smith, unsuccessfully picking a fight with Paul Weller of The Jam. WebJohn Simon Ritchie (10 May 1957 2 February 1979), better known by his stage name Sid Vicious, was an English musician, best known as the bassist for the punk rock band Sex Victor explained, "The music was catching on, bands like Talking Heads were breaking out. The film-makers acknowledge that the title of the documentary might be misleading because, bar a confession, no one can ever know with absolute certainty how Spungen died. Iphone Ora Legale 2021, - $549,900 - 50,700 km - Motor 6 cil. "Aclassic punk-rock chick."). [38] Leon now performs under another name and lives outside the United States. [2][43] Vicious was arrested and charged with second-degree murder. Selecciona la versin de tu preferencia. Outside a court room, Michelle Robinson waits outside during Sid Vicious' bail hearing on the Nancy Spungen murder charge, New Encuentra Jeep Rubicon 2020 - Carros y Camionetas Jeep en MercadoLibre.com.co! Movies. 2020-09-16 08:10:52 "It was done in one continuous, hand-held shot, the camera being operated by [cinematographer]Roger Deakins. The group only played eight concerts together before the band fell apart. Who Killed Nancy? He was considered, along with Dave Vanian, for the position of lead singer, but Vicious failed to show up for the audition.
The line "Exudes a vicious disposition" is a Sid Vicious reference. The Strange Case of Waters and Gilmour", "Two Sevens Clash: Dread Meets Punk Rockers", "Here to Be Heard: The Story of the Slits", "Performance and Cocktails: Live at Morfa Stadium", Vicious' confession to the NYPD and other documents, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sid_Vicious&oldid=1147767099, Deaths by heroin overdose in New York (state), Articles with dead external links from February 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ed Hamilton, "Legends of the Chelsea Hotel: Living with the Artists and Outlaws of New York's Rebel Mecca" (2007, DeCapo Press). Encuentra las mejores ofertas de autos usados costo jeep 4x4. [1], When he was released, he re-united with Spungen. When he arrived in Manhattan, and by chance, he met his friend Peter Gravelle. They called themselves Vicious White Kids and performed onceat the Electric Ballroom in Camden Town on 15 August 1978. "So you met everyone pretty quickly. I never expected him to die.". CONTENT. [citation needed], Several online sources state that the estate of Sid Vicious continues to earn approximately $400,000 annually in royalties. Consumo reali, caratteristiche tecniche della Jeep Wrangler Unlimited 2.8 CRD (177 CV) 2007-2018 . "I ran out, picked up a newspaper and Sid was dead." Although the songs they wrote would later be performed by other bands, The Flowers of Romance did not perform live, or record any music. Ocultar >> Unlimited Sport Desde $220,990,000 0. After the band broke up in 1978, Vicious holed up in New York's Chelsea Hotel with his girlfriend .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Nancy Spungen. Steam Punk. Head to E! Vicious was charged with second-degree murder.